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Yuan Enters SDR - Why its Reserve Currency Status Matters to Traders?
DailyFX.com -
Talking Points:
- The Yuan’s reserve currency status will likely further increase its trading volume
- The trading band and open market hours for onshore Yuan rates could be extended as well
- China’s economic growth and risks in financial markets are main drivers for Yuan rates
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As of October 1st, the Chinese Yuan is officially included in the Special Drawing Right (SDR) basket, as the fifth primary reserve currency, with a weighting of 10.92%. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced the approval on November 30th, 2015, marking a milestone for the Chinese currency.
Central banks have already started to increase Yuan holdings as foreign reserves - on June 22nd, 2016, Singapore’s Monetary Authority announced it would include Yuan-denominated assets as part of its official foreign reserves. However, for traders and investors, the Yuan’s official reserve status could bring benefits in a different way.
Data downloaded from the IMF; chart prepared by Renee Mu.
Trading Volume
One of the most important advantages brought by the Yuan’s inclusion into the SDR basket is that the currency is legitimized and recognized as a safe and stable store of wealth by the financial world. Subsequently, trading volume in the Yuan is likely to increase as well, as access to the economy and popularity of its assets rise.
Let’s take a look at the evolution of the Yuan’s use. According to the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), information for USD/CNY trades before 2010 is not available. The BIS states that USD/CNY turnover for the period prior to 2013 may be underestimated due to incomplete reporting of offshore trading in previous surveys.
The lack of data and accuracy before 2013 may be caused by one of two reasons: A) the trading volume of the USD/CNY before 2010 may be so low that there is no need to account for it. B) There might be a descent amount of trading in the USD/CNY, but without enough recognition of the pair, it was not measured.
Now with the approval of SDR inclusion, the Chinese Yuan has become more recognized by the global banking community. In 2016, the USD/CNY has taken up 3.8% of the total trades measured by the BIS, rising from 2.1% in 2013; the weighting has exceeded that of the USD/CHF which is 3.5% in 2016.
The Yuan’s role in global payments and settlements has been rising as well. According to the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), the Yuan’s ranking for international payments has been increasing quickly: the Chinese currency has overtaken 6 currencies over the past three years. The most recent report from the SWIFT shows that the Chinese Yuan accounted for 1.86% of global payments in August; ranking it fifth after the U.S. Dollar, the Euro, the British Pound and the Japanese Yen - the other four currencies included in the SDR basket.
Data downloaded from Bloomberg; chart prepared by Renee Mu.
A report from Google Trends adds more evidence to the increasing popularity in the Dollar/Yuan exchange rate. The leading search engine evaluates how often a particular term is searched by worldwide users and gives it a rating from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest). In the following chart, the search volume for ‘GBP to USD’ (same for ‘USD to GBP’) in May 2016 is set as the highest level and given a score of 100; this is likely driven by heated discussions before the Brexit referendum. Compare to the highest search volume, the amount of global users looking into ‘USD to CNY’ (same for ‘CNY’ to ‘USD’) was extremely low before 2010, and therefore was given a score of 0.
From the middle of 2010, the search volume for ‘USD to CNY’ started to pick up and has been gradually increasing over the following four years. Although the popularity in the USD/CNY is still relatively low compared to the established ‘major pairs’ - such as EUR/USD or GBP/USD - it has gained quickly.
Data downloaded from Google; chart prepared by Renee Mu.
For traders, the increase in trading volume for Yuan pairs is good news. To learn about the various names of the Chinese currency and differences between onshore and offshore Yuan rates, read All About The Yuan.
Trading Band and Hours
The Chinese currency is not yet ‘free floating’. Onshore Yuan pairs are allowed to move within a certain range, determined by China’s Central Bank. The current trading band is 2% above or below Yuan’s reference rate, which is set by the Central Bank on a daily basis. For traders, the trend of the trading band may be more important than the level itself.
We can see from the chat below, it took 13 years for Yuan’s trading band to increase by +0.2% to 0.5% in 2007. However, it more recently only took 2 years for the band to increase by +1.0% to 2.0% in 2014. Both the frequency and degree of changes in the trading band have increased significantly. We may see additional expansion in the trading band driven by the momentum of the Yuan’s rise.
Data downloaded from The People’s Bank of China; chart prepared by Renee Mu.
A larger trading band means a higher level of maximum volatility. Traders will want to keep in mind that greater volatility may bring larger risks of loss as well as higher potential returns.
In addition to the broadening trading band, trading hours for Yuan rates have also been extended. Beginning on January 4th, 2016, China’s Central Bank has expandedthe onshore Yuan’s trading by additional seven hours, in the effort of facilitating traders in European and American time zones.
Be Aware of Major Themes in China When Trade the Yuan
China’s economic growth and risks to its financial markets are primary drivers for the Yuan rates from a fundamental point of view. In terms of technical analysis, read our Sr. Technical Strategist Jamie Saettele’s weekly forecast for the USD/CNH pair.
The Economic Slowdown
The health of a country’s economy lays the foundation for its currency and affects the currency’s long-term trend. For the Chinese Yuan, as it was linked to the U.S. Dollar to varying degrees before August 11th, 2015, Yuan rates may not fully reflect the real condition of the Chinese economy.
After being de-pegged, the Yuan exchange rate garnered greater flexibility and thus may better reflect the real economy. China’s growth has dropped to 6.7% in 2016 from 12.2% in the first quarter of 2010, a post-financial-crisis high.
Data downloaded from Bloomberg; chart prepared by Renee Mu.
In terms of the outlook for the economy, China’s policy leaders said that ‘the trend in the current and following periods is L-shaped, rather than U-Shaped’. In specific, the economy will likely reach the bottom within one or two years and then stay there for quite a significant amount of time before pickingback up again. This doesn’t mean that Yuan rates may not rise in the short or medium-term, driven by various internal and external factors; yet, in a longer time frame, the slowing economy may provide limited support to the currency.
The Risk of Housing Price Bubbles
China’s economic policy is one of the key drivers to Yuan rates. Currently, the country employs moderate monetary policy and proactive fiscal policy; this will likely continue to be the case amid the increasing risk of price bubbles and a lack of investment opportunities in the private sector.
The New Yuan Loans prints for July and August show that a majority of new credit issued has flown into the real estate sector. At the same time, a large amount of companies and individuals hold excessive cash on their hand as they are short onother investment opportunities. This indicates that home purchasers and real estate developers are the main group that want to borrow and spend in China. Within such a context, additional easing measures are less likely to generate diversified investment or business expansion, but more likely to fuel bubbles in the housing sector.
With low odds of the PBoC cutting rates in the near term, the Yuan may bear less devaluation pressure from home. The Chinese government is aware of the risk of price bubbles in the real estate sector and the shortage of viable investments; regulators have been working on these issues through efforts like promotingPublic-Private-Partnership projects. As individuals and companies become more willing to invest in a broader scope, the PBoC may then shift the tone on monetary policy. China’s daily news will cover these developments and help DailyFX readers to catch early signals that may hint at changes in monetary policy.
Other Ongoing Themes in China
There are other major ongoing themes worth keeping an eye on:
China is implementing major productions cuts in the manufacturing industry -one of the five goals for 2016- and Chinese manufacturing firms are facing challenges to meet the target by the end of the year.
Defaults in Chinese state-owned-enterprises (SOEs) have been increasing significantly in 2016. In May, energy firms started to miss payments on their debts. By August, the default risk has spread around Northeast China. One of the major solutions to help SOEs reduce debt is to swap debt into equities: after long discussions on the eligibility of participating firms, regulators finally approved the first deal for a SOE in September.
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